Debt & Frugality

As Didi says in the novel (Findependence Day), “There’s no point climbing the Tower of Wealth when you’re still mired in the basement of debt.” If you owe credit-card debt still charging an usurous 20% per annum, forget about building wealth: focus on eliminating that debt. And once done, focus on paying off your mortgage. As Theo says in the novel, “The foundation of financial independence is a paid-for house.”

Why would anyone own bonds now?

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By Mark Seed, myownadvisor

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

Many investors have been saying for years that rates can only go up from here, rates can only go one direction, rates will eventually go up. Will they? This begs a question I get from readers from time to time given bonds pay such lousy interest:

Why would anyone own bonds now?

Today’s post shares a few reasons to own bonds including some counter-arguments why I don’t own any – at least right now.

Why own bonds?

Personally, I believe the main role of fixed income in your portfolio is essentially safety – not the investment returns and certainly not the cash flow needs. In other words, if all else fails per se, if/when stocks crash, then bonds should historically speaking offer a flight to safety for preserving principal.

So, they are there for diversification purposes.

As Andrew Hallam, a Millionaire Teacher has so kindly put it over the years: when stocks fall hard, bonds act like parachutes for your portfolio. Bonds might not always rise when the equity markets drop. But broad bond market indexes don’t crash like stocks do.

Is that enough to own bonds in your portfolio? Maybe.

Here are a few reasons to own bonds in no particular order.

1. Bonds as a hedge for stock market volatility.

Call them parachutes or anchors or use any other metaphor you wish but bonds tend to do their jobs when stock markets tank. More importantly maybe, they provide a psychological edge to avoid tinkering with your portfolio and selling any stocks/equities when stock markets correct.

Many investors, dare I say most investors (?), have a hard time with market volatility. I’m certainly not immune to it. The ups and downs, especially the big market downs, can be gut-wrenching to live through. Owning bonds in your portfolio can help bring the overall portfolio volatility down a few notches through prudent asset allocation. It is however not always necessary to own bonds.

When you own bonds, my experience has been for the last 20+ years you are trading away long-term, more positive, generous equity returns for accepting less risk and less long-term returns.

If you don’t want to take my word for it, check out this page courtesy of Vanguard when it comes to long-term returns. Check out the “worst year” stats as well.

Why would anyone own bonds - bias to bonds Vanguard Canada

Sure, a 40/60 stock/bond portfolio has hardly done poorly for the last century. But overall, you are absolutely giving up (historically speaking) returns on the table when you own more fixed income in your portfolio. Will the future be the same?

Why would anyone own bonds - bias to stocks Vanguard Canada

Personally, I’ve tried to learn to live with stocks as much as possible for as long as possible. Depending on your goals, taking into account long-term potential reward against short-term price fluctuations, some investors may not be comfortable with a 100% equity or near-equity portfolio. That’s A-OK. If that’s your case, some bonds in your asset accumulation years could be right for you.

2. Bonds can be used to rebalance your portfolio. 

Even though I’m not a huge fan of bonds myself, this might be one of the most compelling reasons to own bonds at any age.

When the stock market sells off, that’s ideally the time you want to dive in and buy your stocks on sale. However, unless you are very comfortable with leveraged investing – you need money to buy such stocks on sale. That can come from cash savings for sure but for many investors, that can also come from bonds within your portfolio.

Mind you, some levels of diversification don’t work very well if you don’t have any asset allocation targets in mind. The process of rebalancing is a systematic way to buy low and sell high; sell your bonds when markets are tanking and sell-off some stocks when markets are euphoric.

In our portfolio, because we’ve largely learned to live with stocks, we tend to buy more stocks when they come on sale and/or we buy stocks periodically during the year to increase our equity holdings. More specifically, to help me gravitate away from my bias to Canadian dividend paying stocks for income we’re owning more low-cost U.S. ETFs for extra growth over time.

Check out some changes I’ve made to our portfolio to increase equity diversification.

Instead of selling bonds to buy our stocks, I use cash savings. I tend to save up cash during the year and make a few lump-sum stock or equity ETF purchases instead.

I will continue to use cash savings to make more equity purchases as I enter semi-retirement.

Consider keeping this much cash on hand yourself – in your asset accumulation years or retirement years.

3. Bonds can be used to spend cash when essential. 

Can you have too much money saved? Too much money in your RRSP?

For most people, I highly doubt it.  Continue Reading…

Retired Money: Can retired Boomers afford to be the BOMAD to their kids?

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My latest MoneySense Retired Money column looks at the question of whether almost-retired or already-retired Baby Boomer parents should provide financial assistance to their Millennial children seeking to get their first steps on the increasingly expensive housing ladder.

That is, is it wise for parents to cut into their own Retirement savings in order to become the BOMAD: the Bank of Mum and Dad?

It’s been said that 50 to 75% of millennials expect to tap the BOMAD for help coming up with a down payment.Click on the highlighted headline to retrieve the whole column: Should you help your adult children to buy Real Estate?

A couple of the column’s sources arose after I appeared on Patrick Francey’s The Everyday Millionaire podcast.

Francey is a seasoned entrepreneur and real estate investor who is CEO of REIN of the Real Estate Investment Network (REIN). These days, most REIN members who have at least one “door” (real estate investment property above and beyond a principal residence) are almost by definition millionaires. I appeared despite the fact our family owns no investment real estate, apart from REIT ETFs in a purely electronic portfolio: “clicks instead of bricks,” as I explained on the show.

REIN’s Patrick Francey, host of The Everyday Millionaire podcast

Interestingly, while he has helped his own kids with housing, Francey does not necessarily think parents should provide financial assistance to kids trying to break into the housing market: not if it jeopardizes their own retirement, and not if it means the kids will miss out on the character-building exercise of doing it on their own.

A similar stance came from retired mortgage broker and author Calum Ross, who also recently appeared on the podcast. Ross, of Toronto-based The Mortgage Management Group, has some experience with BOMAD as it relates to his two daughters.   “As a divorced Dad, BOMAD was restructured and now runs as a privately held entity BOD [Bank of Dad.],” Ross quips.

Ross says his parenting priorities are identical to how his parents raised him: 1) I taught them to be thoughtful, 2) I raised them with a work ethic, and 3) I taught them to save money and not spend it.

Adrian Mastracci, portfolio manager with Vancouver-based Lycos Asset Management, says BOMAD may be a great deal for the kids but Mum and Dad need to first ensure they have sufficient funding to see them through their retirement years. “Ensure that they can incur all expenses, health costs, effects of inflation, rising costs of providing for in-home services, a retirement home facility and rehabilitation costs of the current home.” Continue Reading…

Inflation and the 5% Solution

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https://advisor.wellington-altus.ca/standupadvisors

By John de Goey, CFP, CIM

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

One thing that many economic historians often overlook is that one’s worldview is shaped by life experiences.  That includes matters like love, marriage and divorce, money and savings and attitudes toward political risk – to name a few.  If our values, likes and dislikes are shaped by our experiences, it stands to reason that our perceptions of what the future might hold could be largely informed by what we have already experienced.  That’s especially true of the things we experience in our formative years.

In the summer of 2021, for the first time in over a generation, there’s been some talk of inflation being a going concern.    Inflation was wrestled to the ground in the 1980s and hasn’t been heard from since – until now.  As the debate rages about the degree to which we should be concerned (if at all) about inflation coming back in a meaningful way, it is noteworthy that while there are credible economists on both sides of the debate, virtually everyone in the “inflation will be a problem” camp is at least 70 years old.  Stated differently, those people who experienced inflation in their adult lives are concerned and those who did not are not.

Transitory inflation?

For about 30 years now, the goal of central banks in the west has been one of price stability, which they define as inflation at 2%, give or take 1%.  Basically, anything between 1% and 3% is okay.  Now, we’ve experienced inflation above 3% for a couple of quarters and people naturally wonder what that might mean.  Central Bankers have been assuring us that the uptick is “transitory,” that it is just a situation where awful data from the early days of the COVID crisis is working its way through the system.  Nothing to see here.  Move along.

Although I am technically old enough to remember inflation, I never had to deal with it personally or directly.  I was a teenager when my parents built the family home on their property in 1979.  I heard about their astronomical, double-digit mortgage rates, but never had to experience anything of the sort as the payor.  My sense is that young people – especially millennials – cannot relate to anything close to what I’m about to say: the inflation rates, and therefore the mortgage rates and interest rates you have experienced throughout your entire lives, may not be around for much longer.  Furthermore, if that is true, the consequences could be enormous.

5% constitutes “Real inflation”

As mentioned, there are competing views on inflation.  I have not come down on either side, but I enjoy the exchange of ideas.  If the doves are right and the inflation we’re seeing now is little more than a passing phase, there’s not much to say because little will change.  If, however, real inflation is coming sooner than later and for longer than just a phase, we need to prepare.  What constitutes ‘real inflation’, you may ask.  My guess is something like 5%.  At that level, no one can pretend that the inflation rate is not a concern and does not need to be dealt with.  For this discussion to be meaningful, inflation needs to be at least 2% above the high end of the traditional range and to stay there for at least a year.  At that point, both the logic behind it being transitory and the facile dismissal of it being above the target by an inconsequential amount disappear.  At that level, something needs to give. Continue Reading…

Flying the Findependence Flag: My appearance on Patrick Francey’s The Everyday Millionaire podcast

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The Everyday Millionaire podcast starring REIN’s Patrick Francey has just released its one-hour-plus interview with me. You can find it (audio) on the regular podcast channels by clicking this title: Flying the Findependence Flag.

The podcast has been going since 2017, and sports the slogan “Ordinary people doing extraordinary things.”

It was a wide-ranging and surprisingly personal interview. Most of Francey’s guests are real estate millionaires: given the bull market in Canadian residential real estate it’s not surprising that most of Francey’s guests are technically millionaires: even starter homes in Toronto are going for a million dollars.

REIN’s Patrick Francey

Patrick Francey is the CEO of REIN, the Real Estate Investment Network, with which I have long been familiar: my daughter Helen once worked there. Sadly, as you will discover on the podcast, I confess that our family never made the plunge into investment real estate beyond owning a principal residence in Toronto. We discuss the fact that while real estate is an excellent way to achieve Financial Independence, some of us are more comfortable with investing in financial assets like stocks and bonds: in so-called “clicks” rather than “bricks.”

The foundation of Financial Independence

As I say in the interview as well as the recently updated US edition of my financial novel, Findependence Day, job one is to purchase a principal residence and pay down the mortgage as soon as possible; hence the saying “The Foundation of Financial Independence is a paid-for home.” Continue Reading…

Tax Strategies to Boost your Financial Savings

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Lowrie Financial/Unsplash

By Steve Lowrie, CFA

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

Today’s Simple Investing Take-Away: Your tax planning strategy should take a holistic, tax-efficient investing stance in both tax-sheltered and taxable investment vehicles to optimize saving for the future.

Does it bug you to pay more taxes than you need to? I don’t think I’ve ever met anyone eager to shell out extra money, just in case the government could use more. But practically speaking, that’s exactly what you end up doing if you don’t build tax-efficient investing and other tailored tax strategies into your ongoing financial planning.

Are you:

  • A young professional, aggressively saving for a distant future?
  • A seasoned business owner, managing substantial financial savings
  • Starting to spend down your assets in retirement?
  • Planning for how to pass your wealth on to your heirs?

Regardless, there are many best practices for maximizing your after-tax returns—i.e., the ones you get to keep. Today, let’s cover what some of those sensible tax strategies look like.

Fill up your Tax-Sheltered Accounts

The government offers a number of “registered” investment accounts to provide various types of tax-efficient investing incentives. They want you to save for retirement and other life goals, so why not take them up on the offer? Two of the big ones are the Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) and Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA).

Saving for Retirement with Your RRSP

As the name suggests, your RRSP is meant to provide tax-efficient investing for retirement. In the years you contribute to your RRSP, you receive a deduction on your tax return in equal measure. Then the proceeds grow tax-free. Once you withdraw RRSP assets in retirement, you pay income tax on them.

In theory, your tax rate is often lower once you retire, so you should ultimately pay fewer taxes on taxable income. Even if there are some retirement years when your tax rates are higher, you’ve still benefited from years of tax-free capital growth in an RRSP. And you still have more flexibility to plan your RRSP withdrawals to synchronize with the rest of your tax planning.

Bonus tips: If you’re a couple, you may also consider using a spousal RRSP to minimize your household’s overall tax burden. This works especially well if one of you generates a lot more income than the other. There also are specialized guidelines to be aware of if you’re a business owner considering how to most tax-efficiently draw a salary and participate in the Canada Pension Plan (CPP).

Saving for the Future with Your TFSA

TFSAs are meant to be used for tax-efficient investing toward any mid- to long-term financial goals. So, at any age, most taxpayers are well-advised to fill up their TFSA space to the extent permitted. You fund your TFSA with after-tax dollars, which means there’s no immediate “reward” or deduction on your tax return in the year you make a contribution. But after that, the assets grow tax-free while they’re in your TFSA, and you pay no additional taxes when you withdraw them, which you can do at any time.

Bonus tip: Too often, people leave their TFSA accounts sitting in cash, using it like an ATM machine. Unfortunately, this defeats the purpose, since you lose out on the tax-free gains you could expect to earn by investing that cash in the market. How much is tax-efficient investing worth? In “Cash is not king: A better investment strategy for your TFSA,” I offer some specific illustrations.

Manage your personal Tax Planning like a Boss

Once you’ve filled your tax-sheltered accounts, you can invest any additional assets in your taxable accounts.

Like hard-working “employees,” these assets can thrive or dive depending on their management. Think of it this way: As a business owner, you wouldn’t hire a promising team of talented individuals, only to assign them random roles and responsibilities. Likewise, your various investments and investment accounts have unique qualities worth tending to within your overall tax-efficient investing. Let’s cover a few of them here.

Capital Gains Reign

In your taxable accounts, your best source of tax-efficient investing income comes in the form of capital gains or even better, deferred/unrealized capital gains. This is super important, but often forgotten in the pursuit of sexier trading tactics, like chasing hot stocks or big dividends. (It’s popular to think of dividends as a great source of dependable income in retirement, but in “Building your financial stop list: Stop chasing dividends,” I explained why that’s mostly a myth.)

Don’t believe me? Consider these 2021 combined tax rates for Ontario on various sources of investment income:

Taxable Income Source

2021 Combined Tax Rate

Interest and other income

53.53%

Eligible dividends (mostly Cdn. companies)

39.34%

Capital gains

26.76%

Source: CI Global Asset Management
This illustration assumes a top marginal tax rate in Ontario, or taxable income greater than $220,000. But the point remains the same at other rates: You can usually lower your taxes by favouring capital gains over other sources of taxable income.

Also remember, you don’t pay taxes on a capital gain until you actually “realize” it, by selling an investment for more than you paid for it. Combine this point with the rates just presented, and your ideal investment strategy seems obvious: Tax-efficient investing translates to a low-cost, low turn-over, buy-and-hold approach.

Since minimizing the impact of taxes is a huge way to improve on your overall rate of returns, this happens to be exactly what I advise for any of your investments, whether you’re holding them in a taxable or tax-sheltered account.

Bonus tip: Once you’ve embraced low-cost, low-trade investing, be sure to also use funds from fund managers who are doing the same. It defeats the purpose if you are being disciplined about your tax-efficient investing, but the underlying funds in which you’re invested are not.

Asset Location Is where it’s at

As your wealth accumulates, you’re likely to end up with a mixture of registered and taxable accounts. You can reduce your overall tax burden by managing these accounts as a single, tax-efficient portfolio, instead of treating each as an investment “island.” Asset location means locating each kind of investment, or asset, in the right type of account, given its tax efficiency:

  1. Hold your relatively tax-inefficient assets in tax-favoured accounts, where the inefficiencies don’t matter as much. Examples include bonds, which generate interest and other non-capital-gain income; and investments that have higher than average yields such as REITs.
  2. Hold your relatively tax-efficient assets in taxable accounts; examples include broad domestic or global stock funds that generate most of their returns as capital gains.

An Easy Rebalancing Strategy

As I covered in “Rebalancing in Down Markets, Scary But Important,” it’s essential to periodically rebalance your investment portfolio. It’s like tending to your garden by thinning out (selling) some of the overgrowth, and planting (buying) where you need more. This keeps your productive portfolio growing as hoped for, with a buy low, sell high strategy.

But as usual, there’s a catch: When you “sell high” in a taxable account, you’ll realize taxable gains. So, whenever possible, try using cash you’d be investing anyway to do your rebalancing for you. Instead of just plopping any new investable cash into haphazard holdings, invest it wherever your portfolio is underweight relative to your goals. In so doing, you can improve on your tax-efficient investing. (PS: Here’s another post I’ve published, with additional ideas on “What to Do with Excess Cash.”)

Tax-Loss Harvesting

Again, one of the best ways for your assets to grow tax-efficiently is within your registered, tax-sheltered accounts. That said, tax-loss harvesting is one tax-efficient investing strategy you can only do in a taxable account. Without diving too deep, when one or more of your holdings is worth less than you paid for it — but over the long run you expect the position to grow — you can use tax-loss harvesting to:

  1. Sell the depreciated position to generate a capital loss, which you can then use to offset current or future taxable gains.
  2. Promptly buy a similar (but not identical!) position so you remain invested in the market as planned.
  3. Eventually (optionally), reinvest in the original position to restore your portfolio to its original mix.

Again, all this only works within a taxable account. Also, the CRA has strict rules on what qualifies as a true capital loss, and may disallow it if you violate those rules. This makes it one smart strategy best completed in alliance with your personal financial advisor.

Advanced Tax Strategies for Families and Business Owners

We’ve barely scratched the surface on the myriad tax-planning strategies you can deploy in your quest to pay no more than their fair share of income taxes. Depending on your particular circumstances, you can take advantage of some of these tax strategies: Continue Reading…