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Real Life Investment Strategies #8: Transferring Wealth to your Children, Sensibly

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Passing on Financial Prosperity while balancing Generosity and Responsibility

Lowrie Financial: Canva Custom Creation

By Steve Lowrie, CFA

Special to Financial Independence Hub

Canada is in the midst of a historic intergenerational wealth transfer, with more than $1 trillion expected to pass from baby boomers to younger generations. For many families, the question isn’t just how much wealth to transfer but when and how to do so responsibly.

Should you give small, incremental gifts during your lifetime or leave a traditional large estate inheritance? Each approach has its merits, but both require careful planning to avoid unintended consequences like fostering dependency or jeopardizing your own financial security.

This blog introduces these two contrasting wealth transfer strategies. Along the way, we’ll explore how these approaches can be tailored to align with your goals while leveraging Canada’s tax rules and financial tools.

The Case for Incremental Giving

Giving while you’re alive allows you to see the impact of your generosity firsthand while offering opportunities to guide your children in managing their finances responsibly. In Canada, there’s no formal gift tax, making this approach particularly appealing.

For example, gifting funds for specific purposes — such as contributing to a child’s Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) or helping with a down payment on a home — can provide meaningful support without being life-changing. A parent might gift $10,000–$50,000 annually or on an irregular basis for specific needs, ensuring the funds are used purposefully while avoiding dependency.

Benefits of Incremental Giving:

  • Tax efficiency: Cash gifts to a child that they use to contribute to their TFSA grow tax-free, and funds can be withdrawn without penalty.
  • Accountability: Smaller and/or variable wealth transfer encourages children to not be reliant on wealth transfer and to develop financial discipline under your guidance.
  • Flexibility: You can adjust the size and timing of gifts based on your financial situation and outlook. It should be expected that every few years, financial markets will “correct” or pull back, although the route cause is always different. When this happens, you may choose to be more conservative in your giving to ensure your long-term financial well-being.
  • Delight in their Enjoyment: By transferring wealth in stages while you are still around, you get to see the fruits of your labour passed on to the next generation, giving you the satisfaction of a well-lived life.
  • Targeted Giving: The recipients of your wealth transfer might go through different ages and stages of their lives requiring very specifically timed financial influx. For example, you may consider a very different giving scenario for a 25-year-old just finishing university vs. a similar-aged child who has two children and is buying a house.

Considerations of Incremental Giving:

  • Negative Impact of Over-Giving: Overzealous incremental giving can affect your long-term financial plan. It’s important to work with your financial advisor to plan conservative giving rather than putting the cart before the horse and realizing too late that you’ve over-extended your finances.
  • Focus on Planning: It’s important to consider how you are moving the money – from where, to where, when, etc. – so that it doesn’t trigger negative consequences like capital gains on the giver. Or that needs to be taken into account when transferring your wealth.
  • Attribution Rules: There are a complex set of laws that apply if you give money to minors so it’s important to be aware of these attribution rules as income earned by money given to the minor can be taxed to the parent.
  • Expectation Misalignment: You may have a wealth transfer plan that works best for you and aligns with your long-term financial plan. However, your children may have pre-conceived thoughts of how and when the money will flow to them. So, it is important to discuss it so everyone can be on the same page, leaving less likelihood of misunderstandings.
  • Conflict due to Giver Oversight: If you are giving money while you are alive, you get to delight in watching your children enjoy it. However, you also get the opportunity to observe and potentially be critical of how the money is being used. This can cause unintended conflicts and pressure on your relationship.

The Traditional Large Estate Gift

On the other hand, some families prefer to focus on building their estate and passing on a significant inheritance after death. This approach allows you to retain full control of your assets during your lifetime while simplifying the logistics of wealth transfer.

In Canada, there’s no inheritance tax, but all non-registered assets are subject to tax on all unrealized capital gains upon death. Proper planning — such as using life insurance or owning assets jointly  — can help minimize these taxes and preserve more of your legacy for your heirs.

Benefits of a Large Estate Gift:

  • Control: You maintain full access to your wealth throughout your life.
  • Simplicity: A single transfer avoids the complexity of multiple smaller gifts over time.
  • Tax Planning Opportunities: Tools like trusts or charitable donations can reduce estate taxes significantly.

Considerations of a Large Estate Gift: Continue Reading…

The TACO Trade betrays deeper problems

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By Alain Guillot

Special to Financial Independence Hub

Wall Street has been on a wild ride in recent months, and the cause isn’t some unknown geopolitical threat or economic collapse: it’s the unpredictable tariff threats from U.S. President Donald Trump.

In response to Trump’s repeated habit of threatening tariffs only to later walk them back, traders have coined a new acronym: TACO, short for “Trump Always Chickens Out.” The term, first popularized by Financial Timescolumnist Robert Armstrong, has become a strategy among investors: when Trump threatens tariffs, markets drop: but savvy traders anticipate a retreat and buy the dip, profiting from the inevitable rebound.

Trump, for his part, is not pleased with the nickname. In a recent Oval Office appearance, he rejected the idea that his constant backtracking reflects weakness, calling it a negotiation strategy. According to him, he often starts with an exaggerated number (such as a 145% tariff on Chinese goods) and then drops it during talks with foreign governments to create leverage.

Let’s be clear: negotiation is part of diplomacy and trade. But weaponizing tariffs in this on-again, off-again manner creates unnecessary chaos in global markets and harms businesses and consumers who are left guessing about what prices they will face or what products will become harder to obtain.

Why I don’t think Tariffs are a good tool for Prosperity

As a personal finance blogger and former financial advisor, I believe strongly in policies that promote long-term stability and broad-based prosperity. Tariffs, in theory, are designed to protect domestic industries from unfair foreign competition. But in practice — especially when used impulsively and inconsistently like we’ve seen under Trump — they often backfire.

Here’s why I personally don’t think tariffs are a great tool for building prosperity:

  1. They raise prices for consumers. When tariffs are imposed, companies pass the extra cost down the line. That means your groceries, electronics, and clothing become more expensive: not because the market demands it, but because politicians created artificial barriers.
  2. They create uncertainty. Markets hate unpredictability. Business owners delay hiring and investments. Global supply chains get disrupted. Investors pull back. And this doesn’t just hurt “Wall Street”: it hurts jobs, wages, and retirement portfolios. Continue Reading…

Taking on Tariffs with Defensive Stocks & Sector ETFs

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By Dale Roberts, cutthecrapinvesting

Special to Financial Independence Hub

The year 2025 offered the third bear market for U.S. stocks in the last 6 years. That is surprising in itself. Canadian stocks didn’t go into a bear market but they did fall by near 13%. The good news for readers of this blog is that Canadian defensive stocks rose to the occasion. South of the border defensive sector equities were even more robust. Defensive stocks take on tariffs, on the Sunday Reads.

Image via Cuttheecrapinvesting/Unsplash

There’s more than one way to manage risk. Within a balanced portfolio the most common strategy is to use bonds to manage stock market risk and volatilty. We might then turn to gold that makes the balanced portfolio better. I also like using defensive equities, working in concert with bonds, cash and gold.

2025 Total Returns (through May):

Gold $GLD: +25% Developed International $VEA: +17% Canadian $XIC :+7.1% Silver $SLV: +14% Bitcoin $IBIT: +12% EM $IEMG: +9% US Bonds $AGG: +3% Cash $BIL: +2% Nasdaq 100 $QQQ: +2% REITs $VNQ: +1% S&P $SPY: +1% US Dollar $UUP: -7% Small Caps $IWM: -7% Oil $USO: -11%

Defensive sectors for retirement.

That’s a common theme or discussion in our Retirement Club for Canadians.

Let’s take a look at Canadian defensive stocks during the tariff-inspired bear market. The worst decline in 2025 for Canadian equities was January 30th to April 8th. The TSX Composite fell 12.9%.

From the beginning of the tariff tantrum to end of April …

Stock market down, defensives up – nice! 🙂

  • Consumer staples (XST-T) up 12.1%
  • Utilities (ZUT-T) up 11.1%

And be sure to check out this post – investing in Canadian utility stocks and ETFs.

Defensive sectors in the U.S.

If we look to U.S. stocks for the first quarter …

testfolio

The U.S. defensive sectors all rose to the occasion. IVV = S&P 500.

Consumer staples (XLP), Utilities (XLU), Healthcare (XLV). Keep in mind, these are U.S. Dollar ETFs for U.S. dollar accounts. The most favourable tax treatment will be offered in your RRSP and Taxable accounts.

The defensive equities strategy has worked out wonderfully on both sides of the border.

Here’s the models in a retirement funding scenario from February through to the end of April. We start with $1,000,000 and spend at 4.8% of the portfolio value = $4,000 per month.

Of course, stocks have started to recover as Trump backs away (at times) from his tariff threats. Continue Reading…

Tariffs: Great in Theory … Dumb in Practice

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Public domain image via Outcome

I saw her today at the reception
In her glass was a bleeding man
She was practiced at the art of deception
Well, I could tell by her blood-stained hands, sing it

You can’t always get what you want
But if you try sometimes, well, you just might find
You get what you need

  • You Can’t Always Get What You Want, by The Rolling Stones

Tariffs: Great in Theory … Dumb in Practice

Apropos of what has been clearly driving markets over the past several weeks, in this month’s commentary I will discuss tariffs. Specifically, I will demonstrate that although they can, in theory, produce certain benefits, in reality, they are far more likely to cause more harm than good, both for economies and markets.

A Boon to Humanity

The entire world has benefitted immeasurably from global trade in the postwar era. Its expansion has vastly expanded the supply of most goods, leading to lower prices. In simple terms, globalization has led to more things at lower prices, which has made the world far wealthier and led to a phenomenal increase in standards of living.

Consumers and businesses in the U.S. and other developed nations have benefitted from the fact that most things can be made for less in other countries. To be sure, the windfall of cheaper goods has involved the dislocation of manufacturing jobs over the last several decades. However, the percentage of the American workforce in manufacturing currently stands at roughly 8%, and less than 14% in 2000.

Furthermore, most experts agree that technology and automation, as opposed to trade, have been primarily responsible for the decline in manufacturing employment in the U.S. Also, given that the U.S. is currently at full employment, it stands to reason that dislocated jobs have been replaced. Importantly, the net benefit of trade has been massive, enabling citizens of advanced economies to enjoy higher standards of living than if they were forced to buy only domestically produced goods.

The Theoretical Benefits of Tariffs

Although the benefits from free trade are undeniable, governments are periodically tempted to tweak trade relationships in their favour to maintain or augment globalization’s existing benefits while minimizing or eliminating its relatively minor drawbacks. These initiatives entail some degree of restrictions on trade. Today, the U.S. is pursuing such policies by imposing tariffs on imported goods.

The purported benefits of these particular tariffs are:

Benefit #1: Improved government finances: This argument contends that tariff revenues will afford the government some flexibility with respect to fiscal policy. Specifically, the revenue which is collected via tariffs will be used to reduce the ever-expanding U.S. deficit. Alternatively, these revenues could serve to increase government spending and/or reduce taxes without a deterioration of the government’s fiscal position.

Promise #2: A manufacturing renaissance: Another potential benefit involves the bolstering of certain industries via reduced competition from imports, with an associated boost to employment in these areas. The current U.S. administration has been particularly vocal about the ability of tariffs to revitalize manufacturing in states where it was once prominent.

Promise #3: A Better Deal: This argument holds that tariffs will force other countries to the negotiating table and put the U.S. in a strong position to secure better trade agreements and/or end unfair trade practices that hurt its economy.

Einstein’s Warning

Albert Einstein famously stated, “In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are not.” In theory, tariffs can deliver on the aforementioned promises, but the reality is that not only are they unlikely to do so but stand a very good chance of causing more harm than good.

Very little, if anything, in the modern global economy occurs in a vacuum. One specific policy or event can easily start a chain reaction of subsequent policies and events. Although some of these cascading effects can be anticipated, their magnitude is almost impossible to predict. More ominously, many of them are unforeseeable (the technical term used by economists for such developments is “unintended consequences”). As a result of such reverberations, few, if any of the purported benefits of tariffs are likely to materialize, should they remain in place. Moreover, their associated consequences could prove severe.

Improved Government Finances: Robbing Peter to Pay Paul

Escalating tensions and the prospect of long-lasting trade wars have resulted in a heightened state of uncertainty among both businesses and consumers, which may have a significant impact on their investment and spending. Continue Reading…

BMO’s Low Volatility ETFs are built differently — Why that’s a Win for your Portfolio

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Image courtesy BMO/Getty Images

By Zayla Saunders, BMO ETFs

(Sponsor Blog)

Markets are noisy right now. Between trade talks, shifting rate expectations and recession whispers, there’s no shortage of turbulence. That’s why low-volatility strategies are back in focus: and BMO’s lineup is standing out.

Not all low-vol ETFs are created equal. In fact, BMO’s low-volatility ETFs have been quietly dominating their corner of the market. Here’s what’s working with the approach and the key differentiators of the methodology.

Source: Morningstar as of March 31, 2024 2

Smart, Targeted Methodology

BMO doesn’t just take the market and strip out the riskiest names. Its methodology is precise, practical, and time tested

Step 1: The Starting Point

BMO begins with a broad universe of stocks that are the largest and most liquid from a particular region — say, Canada or the U.S. — and then ranks them based on historical return volatility (also known as beta). Lower is better here.

Step 2: Ranking

Next, the securities are ranked and selected based on their beta, with lowest betas carrying the highest weight in the portfolio. Beta is calculated using 5-year window, with more weight on recent data. Then the team engages in a fundamental review of securities held.

Step 3: Sector Constraints

Unlike some low-vol strategies that end up extremely overweight in defensive sectors (hello, utilities and consumer staples), BMO imposes sector caps. Why? To ensure diversification and avoid concentration risk. That means that while there will be a tilt towards defensive sectors, you’re building a balanced, resilient portfolio.

The Burning Question: Why ‘Beta’?

Beta and Standard deviation are two of the most common ways to measure a fund’s volatility. The key difference is that beta measures a stock’s volatility relative to the market as a whole, while standard deviation measures the risk of individual stocks.

This is where BMO ETFs stands apart in their strategy: The BMO ETF Low Volatility Strategy uses beta as the primary investment selection and weighting criteria. By constructing ETFs with lower beta securities, the BMO ETF Low Volatility Strategy gives investors access to portfolios that are designed to provide growth while reducing exposure to market risk. Over the long term, low beta stocks may benefit from smaller declines during market corrections and still increase during advancing markets. Additionally, they tend to be more mature and provide higher dividend yield than the broad market.

Beta is a risk metric that measures an investment’s sensitivity to fluctuations in the broad market (market sensitivity). The broad market is assigned a beta value of 1.00, an investment with a beta less than 1.00 indicates the investment is less risky relative to the broad market.

So why now?

Low volatility has always had its place: particularly for long-term investors looking to stay invested through all market cycles, or those who tend to be more emotional around volatility in their portfolio. But right now, the case is even stronger: Continue Reading…