Tag Archives: investing

Lessons learned in diversification: reducing my Canadian home country bias

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By Mark Seed, myownadvisor

Special to the Financial Independence Hub
Many financial advisors, analysts and investing gurus alike argue in favour diversification.

That said, there are some experts who claim owning about 30-40 individual stocks, in various industry sectors, will provide modest diversification to mitigate portfolio risk.

You can find some of those expert opinions on how many stocks are enough in this post.

Dedicated readers of this site will know I’m a fan of portfolio diversification myself, since I adhere to some personal rules of thumb when it comes to my DIY portfolio. Here are some of those rules of thumb:

  • I strive to keep no more than 5% value in any one individual stock.
  • I’m working on increasing my weighting in low-cost ETFs over time, more specifically, owning more of the U.S. market since I’ve had a long-standing bias to Canadian dividend payers in my portfolio.

You can always review some of my current holdings on this standing page here.

Why diversification?

Portfolio diversification aims to lower the volatility of my portfolio because not all asset categories, industries, nor individual stocks will move together perfectly in sync. By owning a large number of equity investments in different industries and companies, and countries, those assets may rise and fall differently; smoothing out the returns of my portfolio as a whole.

“There is a close logical connection between the concept of a safety margin and the principle of diversification.” – Benjamin Graham

As I contemplate semi-retirement in the coming years, this is what I’m considering for cash on hand to support any bearish equity markets or to ride out unfavourable market returns.

Diversification: applying some knowledge and lessons learned

With 2020 in the rear-view mirror, and a trying investing year for many to say the least (!), I decided to make a few portfolio changes so I could embrace diversification more while simplifying my portfolio as those needs for capital preservation draw nearer.

Today’s post outlines some of those changes, by account, and why.

1.)TFSA

I’ve admittedly been wrestling a bit for what to invest in, inside this account for the current 2021 contribution year.

I know I need some more U.S. and international exposure even with the recent comeback in many of my Canadian stocks since the market calamity began in March 2020.

In looking at my sector allocation to the oil and gas industry, I decided to cut complete ties in late-2020 with Inter Pipeline (IPL) after their dividend cut of 72% earlier in the year. You can see some of that dividend news I reported in this previous dividend income update.

I will use that money, along with new TFSA contribution room in 2021 to invest in some all-world ETF XAW amongst other investments.

XAW will provide far less yield inside my TFSA going-forward, which will impact the income generation machine that is my TFSA, but more importantly I think this fund will provide some much needed total return growth from ex-Canada.

XAW iShares December 2020

2.) RRSP

In a taxable account, Canadian dividend paying stocks earn favourable tax treatment thanks to the dividend tax credit. So, I keep those stocks there and see no reason to change that approach. Continue Reading…

How to use your TFSA account

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By Dale Roberts, Cutthecrapinvesting

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

It’s the new year and you may have a couple of questions on how to use your TFSA account. The Tax Free Savings Account is one of the greatest additions to your investor tool kit. It is true to its name in that the monies grow completely tax free. When you take the monies out for spending there are no tax implications. We need only keep track of our contribution limits.

Out of the gate it’s important to know the contribution allowances. The program was launched in 2009 (the brainchild of then federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty). The initial contribution limit was $5,000. There is also an inflation adjustment mechanism and that is why you will see the TFSA limits increase over time.

TFFA Limits History

  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the years 2009 to 2012 was $5,000.
  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the years 2013 and 2014 was $5,500.
  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2015 was $10,000.
  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2016 and 2018 was $5,500.
  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2019 was $6,000.
  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2020 was $6,000.
  • The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2021 is $6,000.

The total contribution allowance to date is $75,500 for 2021. You can carry forward any unused contribution space. Keep in mind that the eligibility for TFSA is based on age of majority. You would have had to have been 18 years of age or older in 2009 to qualify for that full amount. You would also have to be in possession of a Social Insurance card/number.

If you reached age of majority in 2018, that would be your first year of eligibility. To date your contribution limit would be …

Starting the TFSA in 2018

2018 – $5,500, 2019 – $6000, 2020 – $6,000, 2021 – $6,000 for a total of $23,500.

Of course we have to wait for January 1 or later to use that $6,000 for 2021.

Remember if you go over, you will be penalized by 1% per month, for the amount that you have overcontributed. Check with CRA for your contribution eligibility.

Reader question on over contribution

“Ooops, I over contributed in December of 2020.” If you recently jumped the gun and overcontributed by $6000 you would be charged 1% per month, meaning a $60 penalty. Thing is you earned another $6,000 in contribution space on January 1, 2021. You would only face one month of over contribution. You might as well sit tight. You would not be able to have that contribution reversed, even if you quickly move that money out of the TFSA account. If you move the monies in and out there will be no benefit, but you could created fees if it is stocks or ETFs.

If you ever make a more costly (but honest) mistake on over contribution, you can take that up with CRA and your financial institution. It’s possible that you might get some help from your institution or from the CRA. Good luck.

Calculating your TFSA after removing amounts

The formula or rule is quite simple. If you remove $12,000 in one year, you would add that full amount to next year’s contribution allowance. And of course that contribution allowance would also include that calendar year’s new room. For example if you took out $12,000 in calendar year 2020, you would add that $12,000 to the $6,000 allowance for 2021. Your 2021 contribution allowance would be $18,000.

Yes, you get to keep any contribution room gains you made in your TFSA if you sell. You lock in that space. Those investment gains can boost your total TFSA contribution room above the calendar year totals.

This event may be considered if you were looking to use or gift some monies next year. You might sell now and lock in that TFSA space. Obviously, if you’ve been investing those monies, your account is likely or should be at an all-time high.

Please note that if it is a stock or bond or ETF or mutual fund, the trade has to settle within the calendar year. Check with your discount brokerage or advisor on timing and settlement details.

Saving or Investing for your TFSA?

I am a big fan of using your TFSA for investing. There’s the potential or likelihood of much greater gains and hence much greater tax savings when you invest your TFSA dollars.

Also consider that interest rates are sooooo low you might have very modest ‘gains’ with any savings account. The benefit of the TFSA for savings is more muted in a low interest rate environment.

But of course, 2020 proved to many the importance of that emergency fund. You might hold an emergency fund that is 6 months of total spending needs as a starting point. Here’s my personal finance book, OK it’s a blog post …

Oh look, I just found $888,000 in your coffee.

And it can make sense to hold some cash as a portfolio asset. After all it’s an obvious hedge for any deflationary environment. The spending power of cash will increase in any deflationary period.

On that cash front you might consider EQ Bank where you can earn 1.5% in a savings account and 2.3% in registered account such as that TFSA. You may choose to hold some TFSA amounts in savings and some in higher growth investments.

On the investment front you might consider a one-ticket (all in one) ETF portfolio such as those from Horizons, iShares, BMO Smartfolio, Vanguard or the TD One Click Portfolios.

You may decide to build your own ETF Portfolio.

On the mutual fund front you might have a read of this post from Jonathan Chevreau on the top mutual funds in Canada. I am a big fan of those funds from Mawer.

Beneficiary form – successor holder

Ensure that you fill out a beneficiary form for all of your registered accounts. For taxable accounts you might consider joint accounts. Continue Reading…

A smart guide on how to invest in 2021

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By Alex Barrow

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

2020 was a difficult year in markets and the economy. There remains a high level of uncertainty heading into the new year. Below we’re going to walk you through some time-tested practical steps on how to prepare for the coming year, in order to make sure you’re financially set for whatever may unfold. 

1.) Assess your personal balance sheet

When planning your finances for the new year it is critically important to know and understand the strength of your current financial position. You can do this by running through the exercises below. 

• Understand your financial obligations relative to your income: 

Are you carrying high levels of debt relative to income? What is the composition of this debt: is it mostly in high-interest credit cards or a low fixed-rate mortgage? The 36% Rule states that your debt to income (DTI) should never surpass 36%. When your DTI rises above 36%, your personal balance sheet is fragile and you become more exposed to financial risk. In these difficult times of uncertainty, it’s important to keep your DTI low so as to maintain financial flexibility. 

• Upcoming big-ticket expenses: 

Do you plan to make any big purchases or financial outlays in the coming year? Perhaps you’re planning to buy a home and purchase a new car or pay the tuition for your child to attend their first year of college … These are big expenses that can stress the strongest of personal balance sheets if one doesn’t plan properly. That’s why it’s important to note these at the start of the year so you can start preparing for the expense. 

  • Nonessential spending: 

Frequent dinners out and vacations at the beach are fun but if they come at the cost of putting a strain on your financial security, they can cause more stress than they’re worth. A good exercise for planning for the coming year is to look back at your expenses from the year before and see where you’re maybe spending a little more money than you’d like. Those $6 lattes every morning add up! 

2.) Set your personal financial goals 

To cite the oft-quoted baseball sage, Yogi Berra “If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll end up someplace else.” Financial planning and goal setting are critically important to protecting your resources and securing the future you want. From a practical standpoint, this means doing a number of key things at the start of each year. 

  • Set a target retirement savings amount: 

Retirement might be a ways off for you, or not. Regardless, it’s never too early or too late to start planning for it. The rule of thumb is that you should aim to stash 10%-15% of your pretax income into a retirement savings account each year. The earlier you can start doing this the better because that puts the power of compounding in your favor.  

  • Invest, invest, invest: 

The best way to grow your wealth over time is to start investing early and often. This means putting a percentage of your income into low-cost stock and bond indices, on a consistent and regular basis.  

  • Take control of your debts: 

Turning back to keeping your DTI below the key 36%, debt is a financial burden that has to be dealt with before it grows out of hand. This takes time and planning. Just like how the power of compounding works in your favor in investing, it works against you when you carry large amounts of debt if you’re just paying the minimum. Continue Reading…

Cautiously Pessimistic

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By John De Goey, CFP, CIM

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

If I had a nickel for every time I heard someone say they were ‘cautiously optimistic’ about one thing or another, I’d be wealthy.  This got me to thinking – why do I never hear anyone say they’re ‘cautiously pessimistic’ when invited to prognosticate about the not so distant future?

Seeing as the future is unknowable by definition… and seeing as there’s a strong consensus that caution is an appropriate stance to take when looking forward, why is there near uniformity that this caution should be tempered by optimism?  Where are the cautious pessimists?  For that matter, where are the reckless people (optimists and pessimists alike)?

The financial services industry is prone to Bullshift – where the glass is always half full and the industry will try to convince you of much no matter what the facts are and no matter how dire the circumstances may be.  Think back.  When was the last time you heard an analyst predict a year over year market decline?

Optimistic Realist?

My point here is that I don’t want to be a downer.  Rather, I want to be a realist.  Heck, some people have even called me an optimistic realist.  At any rate, it seems to me that pessimism isn’t particularly well thought of in my line of work.  Continue Reading…

The most under-owned Asset Class

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Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) are just some of the 23 Emerging Markets most investors are underweight in

By John DeGoey, CFP, CIM

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

Pretty much every serious investor has a favourite investment thesis or theme that they employ.  Many of these are mainstream, which, by, definition, means that a number of people do something similar.  One such theme is to invest disproportionately in either dividend paying stocks or stocks that have a history of raising dividends.  Some people like to invest in the so-called FAANG stocks.  Some people like to speculate and call it ‘investing’ by putting large percentages of their assets into new ideas like cannabis stocks.  The point is that there are different strokes for different folks and that virtually everyone can justify their own peculiarities.  People seldom resist their own ideas.

I’m like most people.  For a generation now, I have been pounding my fist on the table about the need to address what I see as a chronic under-investment in emerging market equities.  To me, this asset class makes sense from virtually every meaningful perspective: historical risk, expected return, co-variance, current valuation, prognosis for growth… you name it.

In a world where overall GDP growth is anemic and not likely to improve materially in our lifetimes, emerging economies are the only ones where economic (specifically, GDP) growth remains strong.  These are rapidly industrializing countries which are mostly stable politically, young and full of ambitious strivers who want access to a more western way of life.  Many people are of the viewpoint that the key to a growing economy is a growing middle class. There are far more people entering middle class status in emerging economies than anywhere else. Continue Reading…