Building Wealth

For the first 30 or so years of working, saving and investing, you’ll be first in the mode of getting out of the hole (paying down debt), and then building your net worth (that’s wealth accumulation.). But don’t forget, wealth accumulation isn’t the ultimate goal. Decumulation is! (a separate category here at the Hub).

When the top 1% advises everyone else

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By John De Goey, CFP, CIM

Special to the Financial Independence Hub 

Like most Canadians, financial advisors exist all over the income spectrum.  The major difference is that a disproportionate number of them are highly successful.  That should come as no surprise.  Many would-be clients are comforted by this and some even seek out advisors who are conspicuously successful because obvious opulence is a double form of social proof. First, it implies that advisor is good at what he does by using the rough correlation that financial success and financial savvy correlate highly.  Second, it implies that the client has “made it” by being able to afford the services of someone so obviously brilliant.

In 2020, the top tax bracket [in Canada] kicks in at $214,368, which is just below the threshold for being a one percenter.  It’s only natural that smart, forward-looking professional advisors should attract the smartest and most forward-looking clients.  One percenters.  Similarly, it’s only natural that the most desirable would-be clients should seek out the best advisors.

In some endeavours, merit and talent are difficult to discern.  For instance, doctors are paid through public health programs.  That likely makes it harder to tell which are good and which are not.  Other fields, such as law and accounting, allow for a more conspicuous assessment based on the social norms of affluence.  Basically, the superior professionals can signal their desirability through how they dress, the car they drive, the watch they wear and (if it comes to that) the neighbourhood they live in.  For better or worse, many would-be clients look to these social cues as evidence of competence and excellence.

Jury is out on whether advisors should be like the client

This exercise could have implications for the provision of financial advice.  Many people recommend that, when looking for an advisor, one should actively seek out someone who is more or less like themselves.  In terms of demographics, geography, values and the like, the theory goes that there’s simply a better chance of getting a good fit if you look for an advisor who is like you.  I don’t know how statistically robust the theory is, but it makes sense intuitively.  Of course, online dating sites make similar recommendations and offer similar results.  The jury is out.

If you were to divide Canadians into five equal groups, with each representing a 20% portion of income earners, the top quintile (80% to 100%) would be earning more than the national average (on average), the second quintile (60% to 80% would be earning about the same as the national average (on average) and the three lowest groups (0% to 60% collectively), would all be earning lower than the national average.

Top 20% earn half the disposable household income

The top quintile (20%) earn about half of all disposable household income in Canada.  Perhaps people in the second quintile (top 60% to 80%) might also want and need advice.  It is the second quintile is the most representative of the Canadian average.  It’s this second 20% of the people that also represents about 20% of the disposable income. Beyond that point, however, many people are simply living paycheck to paycheck and saving little or nothing for down the road.  Continue Reading…

Should I take the Commuted Value of my pension?

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By Mark Seed, MyOwnAdvisor

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

Breaking up is hard to do.

Or is it – when it comes to your employer?

Whether that is voluntary leave or involuntary leave, at some point, some people are faced with a very important financial decision: should I take the commuted value of my pension?

This post will hopefully provide some insights, based on a reader question, including my own situation with my pension to share any considerations as food for thought!

Pensions 101

I already have a very detailed post on pensions including the introductory basics on my site so I won’t repeat all details here, but I think it’s very important to understand there are two main types of pensions that we’ll talk about today:

  • Defined Contribution (or DC for short), and
  • Defined Benefit (DB).

The difference?

Think of your DC plan just as the words sound – your contribution is defined but ultimate pension value is not. Meaning, there are no promises. You’ll get what you’ll get based on what you invest in and the returns of what you invest in over time.

Think of your DB plan this way – your (pension) benefit is defined – meaning your pension value at the end of the line is known, usually based on a formula with your company that goes something like this:

Best Average Five Years’ Salary x Benefit Percentage x Years of Plan Membership = Annual Pension Income

So, using real numbers it could be this for some:

$60,000 x 1.5% x 25 = $22,500

Here is a quick pension comparison summary worth noting:

  Defined Contribution (DC) Plan Defined Benefit  (DB) Plan
Philosophy  Assisting employees accumulate retirement savings during their career. Rewarding long-service employees with a lifetime retirement income.
Investment Decision Employees decide how contributions are invested in (usually) a limited number of funds. Professional money managers look after investment decisions based on strict guidelines.
Investment Risk Employee bears the investment risk (since they selected the investments). Employer bears the investment risk.
Income at retirement  Based on employer and employee contributions and investment performance. Based on a formula that includes your annual earnings and years of service.
Valuing Your Pension Simple, as employees have their account balance readily available. Difficult, the commuted value is not readily available for most pension plans (except at termination). Actuaries help calculate.
Other notes My wife has this plan. I have this plan 🙂

What happens when you leave the organization and you have a pension?

When leaving your employer, if you have a DC plan, things are rather straightforward.

If you own a DC plan, the full market value of that plan at the time of your leave can be transferred to a personal Locked-In Retirement Account (LIRA).

I won’t go into too many details on LIRAs since as you guessed it, I also have other blogposts about that subject including how I manage my LIRA. (I used to have a DC plan when I worked and lived in Toronto. I moved my DC plan money into a LIRA when I left my former employer. I’ve had this LIRA ever since.)

With a DB plan, it’s a bit more complex to say the least. Which brings us to our reader case study for today and my thoughts and comments on that.

Reader Case Study (questions and information adapted slightly for the site):

Hi Mark!

I really enjoy your blog! 

I also really like your concept of hourly passive income wage – it’s something I’m now tracking myself!

Thoughts on this for us although I know you can’t offer specific advice but your perspectives would be good given I have read you have a pension as well. Continue Reading…

3 ways to build your Finances with minimal sacrifice

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Image by Pixabay

Gary Bordeaux

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

Money is an ever important facet of living in human society. As they say, “money makes the world go ‘round,” but it often seems like your bank account is never full enough to meet all your needs, let alone desires. However, there are methods available to help the average person get ahead of the curve to improve their finances and otherwise build their dream lives. Here’s what you need to know.

Financing Luxuries

When thinking of financing, one tends to think of a house or a car. This service has been integral in providing the working class with things that are necessary but prohibitively expensive for quite some time. However, there are other scenarios in which financing expensive products can be the best way to balance smart financial decision making with living your best life. For example, you can finance swimming pools to get the summertime recreation and relief you desire without spending a fortune on it in the moment. By spreading that cost out over time, you can bring your vacation to you without breaking the bank. This principle can also apply to many high end electronics, such as iPads, and it can also apply selectively with general retail products via layaway programs. Using these methods, you can gain the advantages of living beyond your means without actually taking the risk of doing so.

Reducing Costs

One of the most important methods of saving money is by spending less. Some might argue that refusing to spend money on creature comforts and luxuries is the right choice, that is only partially true. While some luxuries can be eliminated, those that enrich your life are important to maintaining mental health. Instead of making meaningful sacrifices, costs can be cut by simply buying less expensive alternatives to costly staples. Name brand products often fill that role, but you can often get the same value at a lower price by choosing off brand products instead. Continue Reading…

Three things you and I don’t know about Investing

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By Steve Lowrie, CFA

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

There’s never a lack of commentary on what we know about investing: or at least what we think we know. Experts and amateurs alike love to opine on the subject.

For a change, let’s cover three things we don’t know about investing, and how to use our “ignorance” to become better investors.

1.) We don’t know what tomorrow will bring

What’s money for? It’s for funding everything you would like to consume in your lifetime (and bequest to your heirs). The catch is, none of us knows exactly how our lives and financial positions are going to unfold. In “How To Think About Investment Risk,” Professor Ken French describes this risk as “uncertainty about lifetime consumption.”

Because we don’t know what lifetime risks we’ll be facing, or when we’ll be facing them, it’s best to build them into your investment strategy from the beginning. That way, you’re already as ready as possible when they do occur. It’s why we suggest maintaining liquid lifestyle reserves, balancing your portfolio between stocks and bonds, diversifying across broad market risks, and buying insurance to safeguard your most valuable consumables.

2.) We don’t know ourselves 

Another common blind spot is how often our subconscious thinking tends to drive our supposedly deliberate decisions. In his book of the same title, Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman calls this “Thinking, Fast and Slow.” Fast thinking keeps us alive in an emergency. Slow thinking helps us solve complex equations. By realizing you’re usually thinking on two levels, you can build this into your planning, particularly when balancing risks and expected rewards.

For example, Kahneman describes how people are inherently loss averse: We usually hate losing money about twice as strongly as we enjoy making money. You can leverage this hidden bias (along with basic math) to create an appropriate investment balance between the risks and expected rewards you choose to invest in. For example, would you bet your entire life savings on a 70% chance of doubling your money, but a 30% chance of losing everything? Most people wouldn’t take that bet, as the downside would seem too severe.

By acknowledging our hidden “fast thinking” tendencies, we stand a much better chance of sensibly building its influence into the financial choices we face.

3.) We don’t know what we don’t know

Ever heard of “the Dunning-Kruger Effect”? It’s a fancy term for describing how people who are less familiar with a subject tend to be more confident about their understanding of it than someone who is an expert in the same.

This MindfulThinks video describes how the effect works by comparing a college basketball fan to an actual player. An ardent fan may believe they know almost everything about the game, while the player may feel they’ve only mastered half of its intricacies. Why the disconnect? The player’s deep, hands-on experience leads to a more realistic assessment of everything there is to know about the sport. In contrast, the fan is blissfully unaware of huge gaps in their second-hand understanding. Continue Reading…

Horizons Asset Allocation ETFs for better asset allocation

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By Dale Roberts, Cutthecrapinvesting

Special to the Financial Independence Hub

Yes that is an ironic headline. While many of the asset allocation or one ticket ETFs are quite similar, Horizons asset allocation ETFs stand out. For starters as you may know, the ETFs used within these portfolios are held within a corporate structure that do not pay out taxable distributions. They primarily use swap-based ETFs to create the portfolios. That will enable greater tax efficiency with respect to withholding taxes on foreign dividends.

With the shackles of unwanted tax hits removed Horizons TRI (Total Return Investments) one ticket ETFs can create the most efficient mix of Canadian, US and International equities and bonds. They do not have to worry about how an over weighting to US equities might create those tax inefficiencies.

I had the pleasure of chatting with Mark Noble, the Executive Vice President, ETF strategies for Horizons. The general topic was building the Balanced Portfolio for the times. Will the traditional Balanced Portfolio be able to cut it moving forward? Certainly the classic 60/40 portfolio model is built upon studies from decades past. We’ll get to that later in this post.

I had also looked at the subject and offered the New Balanced Portfolio. Not surprisingly, you’ll find mention of Horizons asset allocation ETFs in that post.

The 70/30 is the new 60/40.

It might all start with the stock to bond ratio. With bond yields so low, their contribution is likely to be much less compared to the last few decades. Good bonds might be there as risk managers but their total contribution is likely to be quite muted. How low can yields go? The question might end up being ‘how negative’ can rates go? While lower rates might deliver some higher prices, the bonds would then paint themselves into a corner with no yield to offer. It’s a Catch-22.

We might need a greater allocation to growth – more stocks.

Horizons Balanced Portfolio is 70% stocks and 30% bonds. Here’s the make up of that portfolio – ticker HBAL.

On September 10, 2020 the breakdown (rounded figures) …

  • 40.8% US stocks
  • 19.6% International stocks
  • 10.0% Canadian stocks
  • 19.7% Canadian bonds
  • 9.7% US bonds (treasuries)

The target stock to bond ratio for the Balanced Portfolio (HBAL) is 70/30.

Mark had explained how the largely embraced 60/40 model is built on studies and data from the 70’s and 80’s. The portfolio design was based on looking at the long term Sharpe ratio (risk/return profile) of owning equities from many decades past.

Over the last 20 years the optimal risk return mix has moved closer to 70% stocks and 30% bonds. HBAL offers a 70/30 allocation vs. Vanguard’s VBAL of 60/40. It results in a better return trajectory. And once again, those lower yielding bonds add another reason to slightly stretch the stock allocation if we want or need to eke out some greater gains. Keep in mind that you will be taking on some greater equity risk.

I have long been a proponent of the Balanced Growth Portfolio model. I describe that as the sweet spot, delivering ‘optimal’ risk adjusted returns. Continue Reading…

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